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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume insects, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah has been introduced to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly the same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using other organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect which are bred in the lab and introduced into the environment.
The released organism will strain and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be referred to as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control in addition to being useful for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, continue reading this are very harmful pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control insects by depriving them of their host plants. It is a major tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95%.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or alternative methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to cost effectively reduce insect densities on big industrial scales, without using pesticides, possibly due to the pests' this content ability to spread back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. But effective control by pesticides is not simple; the right formulation must be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the method of application is important, adequate protection and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and such co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to grow enhanced crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism index which manages to endure the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this manner, a number of the very serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.
